I-Encyclopedia of Chemical Raw Materials--Ziyini izinhlobo zezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali?

1. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ngokuvamile zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: izinto ezisetshenziswayo zamakhemikhali aphilayo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ezingaphili ngokuya ngemithombo yazo.

(1) Izinto ezisetshenziswa ngamakhemikhali emvelo

Ingahlukaniswa ngama-alkanes nokuphuma kwawo, ama-alkenes nokuphuma kwawo, ama-alkynes nokuphuma kwawo, ama-quinone, ama-aldehydes, ama-alcohol, ama-ketone, ama-phenols, ama-ethers, ama-anhydrides, ama-esters, ama-organic acid, ama-carboxylic acid Usawoti, ama-carbohydrates, ama-heterocyclics, izinhlobo ze-halogen, ama-amino amide, njll.

(2) Izinto ezisetshenziswa ngamakhemikhali angaphili

Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko zemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ezinto ezingaphili zingamaminerali amakhemikhali aqukethe isibabule, i-sodium, i-phosphorus, i-potassium, i-calcium (bheka imboni kasawoti ye-inorganic) namalahle, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, umoya, amanzi, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo kanye nemfucuza evela imikhakha eminingi yezimboni nayo iyimpahla yokusetshenziswa yamakhemikhali angaphili, njengegesi ye-coke oven ohlelweni lokukhiqiza u-coking embonini yensimbi. I-ammonia equkethwe kuyo ingatholwa nge-sulfuric acid ukuze ikhiqize i-ammonium sulfate, i-chalcopyrite, ne-galena. I-sulfur dioxide kugesi wemfucuza encibilikayo wezimayini kanye ne-sphalerite ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-sulfuric acid, njll.

2. Ngokwenqubo yokukhiqiza, ingahlukaniswa ibe yizinto zokuqala zokusetshenziswa, izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyisisekelo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa ezimaphakathi.

(1) Izinto zokuqalisa

Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokuqalisa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezidingekayo esinyathelweni sokuqala sokukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali, njengomoya, amanzi, izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi (okungukuthi, amalahle, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, njll.), usawoti wasolwandle, amaminerali ahlukahlukene, imikhiqizo yezolimo (njengesitashi-) equkethe okusanhlamvu noma izitshalo zasendle, ukhuni lweCellulose, uqalo, umhlanga, utshani, njll.).

(2)Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyisisekelo

Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyisisekelo zitholakala ngokucubungula izinto zokuqala, njenge-calcium carbide kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezingaphili eziphilayo nezingaphilayo ezibalwe ngenhla.

(3)Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezimaphakathi

Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezimaphakathi nazo zibizwa ngama-intermediates. Ngokuvamile zibhekisela emikhiqizweni ekhiqizwe ngezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyisisekelo ekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali aphilayo, kodwa ayikakabi yimikhiqizo ezosetshenziswa okokugcina futhi idinga ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe. Isibonelo, izinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kodayi, amapulasitiki kanye nemithi: i-methanol, i-acetone, i-vinyl chloride, njll.