I-Encyclopedia yeMichiza yeMathiriyeli ekrwada-Ziziphi iindidi zemathiriyeli ekrwada yeekhemikhali?

1. Imichiza ekrwada ingohlulwa ngokubanzi ibe ngandidi ezimbini: imathiriyeli ekrwada yekhemikhali ephilayo kunye nemathiriyeli ekrwada yeekhemikhali ngokwemithombo yazo.

(1) Iikhemikhali zezinto eziphilayo

Inokwahlulwa ibe yialkanes kunye nezinto eziphuma kuzo, iialkenes kunye nezinto eziphuma kuzo, ialkynes kunye nezinto eziphuma kuzo, iiquinones, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, phenols, ethers, anhydrides, esters, organic acids, carboxylic acids Iityuwa, iicarbohydrates, heterocyclics, halogens , ii-amino amides, njl.

(2) Imathiriyeli ekrwada yeekhemikhali ezingaphiliyo

Iimveliso eziphambili zeekhemikhali ze-inorganic ziyimichiza yeeminerali eziqulethe isulfure, i-sodium, i-phosphorus, i-potassium, i-calcium (ukubona ishishini letyuwa e-inorganic) kunye namalahle, i-oyile, igesi yendalo, umoya, amanzi, njl njl. Ukongeza, iimveliso kunye nenkunkuma amacandelo amaninzi amashishini nawo anezinto ezikrwada kwiikhemikhali ezingaphiliyo, njengegesi ye-oven ye-coke kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-coking kwishishini lentsimbi. I-ammonia equlethwe kuyo inokufunyanwa nge-asidi ye-sulfuric ukuvelisa i-ammonium sulfate, i-chalcopyrite, kunye ne-galena. I-sulphur dioxide kwi-smelting waste gas yemigodi kunye ne-sphalerite ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-asidi ye-sulfuric, njl.

2. Ngokwenkqubo yokuvelisa, inokwahlulwa ibe yimathiriyeli yokuqala, izinto ezisisiseko kunye nezixhobo eziphakathi.

(1) Izinto zokuqalisa

Ukuqala imathiriyeli ekrwada yimathiriyeli ekrwada efunekayo kwinyathelo lokuqala lemveliso yemichiza, efana nomoya, amanzi, amafutha efosili (okt amalahle, i-oyile, igesi yendalo, njl.njl.), ityuwa yolwandle, iiminerali ezahlukeneyo, iimveliso zezolimo (ezifana nesitatshi-) equlathe iinkozo okanye izityalo zasendle, Cellulose iinkuni, bamboo, ingcongolo, iindiza, njl.).

(2)Imathiriyeli ekrwada esisiseko

Imathiriyeli ekrwada esisiseko ifunyanwa ngokulungisa izinto zokuqala, ezifana ne-calcium carbide kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic edweliswe ngasentla.

(3)Imathiriyeli ekrwada ephakathi

Imathiriyeli ekrwada ephakathi ikwabizwa ngokuba ziphakathi. Ngokuqhelekileyo babhekisa kwiimveliso eziveliswe kwimathiriyeli ekrwada esisiseko kwimveliso yeekhemikhali eziphilayo ezintsonkothileyo, kodwa azikabizimveliso zokusetyenziswa okokugqibela kwaye zifuna ukuqhubekeka phambili. Ngokomzekelo, iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwedayi, iiplastiki kunye namayeza: i-methanol, i-acetone, i-vinyl chloride, njl.